operator --- 标准运算符替代函数

源代码: Lib/operator.py

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operator 模块提供了一套与Python的内置运算符对应的高效率函数。例如，operator.add(x, y) 与表达式 x+y 相同。 许多函数名与特殊方法名相同，只是没有双下划线。为了向后兼容性，也保留了许多包含双下划线的函数。为了表述清楚，建议使用没有双下划线的函数。

函数包含的种类有：对象的比较运算、逻辑运算、数学运算以及序列运算。

对象比较函数适用于所有的对象，函数名根据它们对应的比较运算符命名。

operator.lt(a, b)

operator.le(a, b)

operator.eq(a, b)

operator.ne(a, b)

operator.ge(a, b)

operator.gt(a, b)

operator.__lt__(a, b)

operator.__le__(a, b)

operator.__eq__(a, b)

operator.__ne__(a, b)

operator.__ge__(a, b)

operator.__gt__(a, b)

在 a 和 b 之间进行全比较。具体的，lt(a, b) 与 a < b 相同， le(a, b) 与 a <= b 相同，eq(a, b) 与 a == b 相同，ne(a, b) 与 a != b 相同，gt(a, b) 与 a > b 相同，ge(a, b)``与 ``a >= b 相同。注意这些函数可以返回任何值，无论它是否可当作布尔值。关于全比较的更多信息请参考 比较运算 。

逻辑运算通常也适用于所有对象，并且支持真值检测、标识检测和布尔运算：

operator.not_(obj)

operator.__not__(obj)

返回 not obj 的结果。 （请注意对象实例并没有 __not__() 方法；只有解释器核心可定义此操作。 结果会受 __bool__() 和 __len__() 方法影响。）

operator.truth(obj)

如果 obj 为真值则返回 True，否则返回 False。 这等价于使用 bool 构造器。

operator.is_(a, b)

返回 a is b。 检测对象标识。

operator.is_not(a, b)

返回 a is not b。 检测对象标识。

数学和按位运算的种类是最多的：

operator.abs(obj)

operator.__abs__(obj)

返回 obj 的绝对值。

operator.add(a, b)

operator.__add__(a, b)

对于数字 a 和 b，返回 a + b。

operator.and_(a, b)

operator.__and__(a, b)

返回 x 和 y 按位与的结果。

operator.floordiv(a, b)

operator.__floordiv__(a, b)

返回 a // b。

operator.index(a)

operator.__index__(a)

返回 a 转换为整数的结果。 等价于 a.__index__()。

operator.inv(obj)

operator.invert(obj)

operator.__inv__(obj)

operator.__invert__(obj)

返回数字 obj 按位取反的结果。 这等价于 ~obj。

operator.lshift(a, b)

operator.__lshift__(a, b)

返回 a 左移 b 位的结果。

operator.mod(a, b)

operator.__mod__(a, b)

返回 a % b。

operator.mul(a, b)

operator.__mul__(a, b)

对于数字 a 和 b，返回 a * b。

operator.matmul(a, b)

operator.__matmul__(a, b)

返回 a @ b。

3.5 新版功能.

operator.neg(obj)

operator.__neg__(obj)

返回 obj 取负的结果 (-obj)。

operator.or_(a, b)

operator.__or__(a, b)

返回 a 和 b 按位或的结果。

operator.pos(obj)

operator.__pos__(obj)

返回 obj 取正的结果 (+obj)。

operator.pow(a, b)

operator.__pow__(a, b)

对于数字 a 和 b，返回 a ** b。

operator.rshift(a, b)

operator.__rshift__(a, b)

返回 a 右移 b 位的结果。

operator.sub(a, b)

operator.__sub__(a, b)

返回 a - b。

operator.truediv(a, b)

operator.__truediv__(a, b)

返回 a / b 例如 2/3 将等于 .66 而不是 0。 这也被称为“真”除法。

operator.xor(a, b)

operator.__xor__(a, b)

返回 a 和 b 按位异或的结果。

适用于序列的操作（其中一些也适用于映射）包括：

operator.concat(a, b)

operator.__concat__(a, b)

对于序列 a 和 b，返回 a + b。

operator.contains(a, b)

operator.__contains__(a, b)

Return the outcome of the test b in a. Note the reversed operands.

operator.countOf(a, b)

返回 b 在 a 中的出现次数。

operator.delitem(a, b)

operator.__delitem__(a, b)

Remove the value of a at index b.

operator.getitem(a, b)

operator.__getitem__(a, b)

Return the value of a at index b.

operator.indexOf(a, b)

Return the index of the first of occurrence of b in a.

operator.setitem(a, b, c)

operator.__setitem__(a, b, c)

Set the value of a at index b to c.

operator.length_hint(obj, default=0)

Return an estimated length for the object o. First try to return its actual length, then an estimate using object.__length_hint__(), and finally return the default value.

3.4 新版功能.

The operator module also defines tools for generalized attribute and item lookups. These are useful for making fast field extractors as arguments for map(), sorted(), itertools.groupby(), or other functions that expect a function argument.

operator.attrgetter(attr)

operator.attrgetter(*attrs)

Return a callable object that fetches attr from its operand. If more than one attribute is requested, returns a tuple of attributes. The attribute names can also contain dots. For example:

• After f = attrgetter('name'), the call f(b) returns b.name.

• After f = attrgetter('name', 'date'), the call f(b) returns (b.name, b.date).

• After f = attrgetter('name.first', 'name.last'), the call f(b) returns (b.name.first, b.name.last).

等价于:

def attrgetter(*items):
    if any(not isinstance(item, str) for item in items):
        raise TypeError('attribute name must be a string')
    if len(items) == 1:
        attr = items[0]
        def g(obj):
            return resolve_attr(obj, attr)
    else:
        def g(obj):
            return tuple(resolve_attr(obj, attr) for attr in items)
    return g

def resolve_attr(obj, attr):
    for name in attr.split("."):
        obj = getattr(obj, name)
    return obj

operator.itemgetter(item)

operator.itemgetter(*items)

Return a callable object that fetches item from its operand using the operand's __getitem__() method. If multiple items are specified, returns a tuple of lookup values. For example:

• After f = itemgetter(2), the call f(r) returns r[2].

• After g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3), the call g(r) returns (r[2], r[5], r[3]).

等价于:

def itemgetter(*items):
    if len(items) == 1:
        item = items[0]
        def g(obj):
            return obj[item]
    else:
        def g(obj):
            return tuple(obj[item] for item in items)
    return g

The items can be any type accepted by the operand's __getitem__() method. Dictionaries accept any hashable value. Lists, tuples, and strings accept an index or a slice:

>>> itemgetter('name')({'name': 'tu', 'age': 18})
'tu'
>>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG')
'B'
>>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG')
('B', 'D', 'F')
>>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG')
'CDEFG'

>>> soldier = dict(rank='captain', name='dotterbart')
>>> itemgetter('rank')(soldier)
'captain'

Example of using itemgetter() to retrieve specific fields from a tuple record:

>>> inventory = [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2), ('pear', 5), ('orange', 1)]
>>> getcount = itemgetter(1)
>>> list(map(getcount, inventory))
[3, 2, 5, 1]
>>> sorted(inventory, key=getcount)
[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]

operator.methodcaller(name, /, *args, **kwargs)

Return a callable object that calls the method name on its operand. If additional arguments and/or keyword arguments are given, they will be given to the method as well. For example:

• After f = methodcaller('name'), the call f(b) returns b.name().

• After f = methodcaller('name', 'foo', bar=1), the call f(b) returns b.name('foo', bar=1).

等价于:

def methodcaller(name, /, *args, **kwargs):
    def caller(obj):
        return getattr(obj, name)(*args, **kwargs)
    return caller

Mapping Operators to Functions

This table shows how abstract operations correspond to operator symbols in the Python syntax and the functions in the operator module.

运算	语法	函数
加法	a + b	add(a, b)
字符串拼接	seq1 + seq2	concat(seq1, seq2)
包含测试	obj in seq	contains(seq, obj)
除法	a / b	truediv(a, b)
除法	a // b	floordiv(a, b)
按位与	a & b	and_(a, b)
按位异或	a ^ b	xor(a, b)
按位取反	~ a	invert(a)
按位或	a | b	or_(a, b)
取幂	a ** b	pow(a, b)
一致	a is b	is_(a, b)
一致	a is not b	is_not(a, b)
索引赋值	obj[k] = v	setitem(obj, k, v)
索引删除	del obj[k]	delitem(obj, k)
索引取值	obj[k]	getitem(obj, k)
左移	a << b	lshift(a, b)
取模	a % b	mod(a, b)
乘法	a * b	mul(a, b)
矩阵乘法	a @ b	matmul(a, b)
否定（算术）	- a	neg(a)
否定（逻辑）	not a	not_(a)
正数	+ a	pos(a)
右移	a >> b	rshift(a, b)
切片赋值	seq[i:j] = values	setitem(seq, slice(i, j), values)
切片删除	del seq[i:j]	delitem(seq, slice(i, j))
切片取值	seq[i:j]	getitem(seq, slice(i, j))
字符串格式化	s % obj	mod(s, obj)
减法	a - b	sub(a, b)
真值测试	obj	truth(obj)
比较	a < b	lt(a, b)
比较	a <= b	le(a, b)
相等	a == b	eq(a, b)
不等	a != b	ne(a, b)
比较	a >= b	ge(a, b)
比较	a > b	gt(a, b)

In-place Operators

Many operations have an "in-place" version. Listed below are functions providing a more primitive access to in-place operators than the usual syntax does; for example, the statement x += y is equivalent to x = operator.iadd(x, y). Another way to put it is to say that z = operator.iadd(x, y) is equivalent to the compound statement z = x; z += y.

In those examples, note that when an in-place method is called, the computation and assignment are performed in two separate steps. The in-place functions listed below only do the first step, calling the in-place method. The second step, assignment, is not handled.

For immutable targets such as strings, numbers, and tuples, the updated value is computed, but not assigned back to the input variable:

>>> a = 'hello'
>>> iadd(a, ' world')
'hello world'
>>> a
'hello'

For mutable targets such as lists and dictionaries, the in-place method will perform the update, so no subsequent assignment is necessary:

>>> s = ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
>>> iadd(s, [' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd'])
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd']
>>> s
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd']

operator.iadd(a, b)

operator.__iadd__(a, b)

a = iadd(a, b) is equivalent to a += b.

operator.iand(a, b)

operator.__iand__(a, b)

a = iand(a, b) is equivalent to a &= b.

operator.iconcat(a, b)

operator.__iconcat__(a, b)

a = iconcat(a, b) is equivalent to a += b for a and b sequences.

operator.ifloordiv(a, b)

operator.__ifloordiv__(a, b)

a = ifloordiv(a, b) is equivalent to a //= b.

operator.ilshift(a, b)

operator.__ilshift__(a, b)

a = ilshift(a, b) is equivalent to a <<= b.

operator.imod(a, b)

operator.__imod__(a, b)

a = imod(a, b) is equivalent to a %= b.

operator.imul(a, b)

operator.__imul__(a, b)

a = imul(a, b) is equivalent to a *= b.

operator.imatmul(a, b)

operator.__imatmul__(a, b)

a = imatmul(a, b) is equivalent to a @= b.

3.5 新版功能.

operator.ior(a, b)

operator.__ior__(a, b)

a = ior(a, b) is equivalent to a |= b.

operator.ipow(a, b)

operator.__ipow__(a, b)

a = ipow(a, b) is equivalent to a **= b.

operator.irshift(a, b)

operator.__irshift__(a, b)

a = irshift(a, b) is equivalent to a >>= b.

operator.isub(a, b)

operator.__isub__(a, b)

a = isub(a, b) is equivalent to a -= b.

operator.itruediv(a, b)

operator.__itruediv__(a, b)

a = itruediv(a, b) is equivalent to a /= b.

operator.ixor(a, b)

operator.__ixor__(a, b)

a = ixor(a, b) is equivalent to a ^= b.