Unqualified name lookup

For an unqualified name, that is a name that does not appear to the right of a scope resolution operator ::, name lookup examines the scopes as described below, until it finds at least one declaration of any kind, at which time the lookup stops and no further scopes are examined. (Note: lookup from some contexts skips some declarations, for example, lookup of the name used to the left of :: ignores function, variable, and enumerator declarations, lookup of a name used as a base class specifier ignores all non-type declarations)

For the purpose of unqualified name lookup, all declarations from a namespace nominated by a using directive appear as if declared in the nearest enclosing namespace which contains, directly or indirectly, both the using-directive and the nominated namespace.

Unqualified name lookup of the name used to the left of the function-call operator (and, equivalently, operator in an expression) is described in argument-dependent lookup.

File scope

For a name used in global (top-level namespace) scope, outside of any function, class, or user-declared namespace, the global scope before the use of the name is examined:

int n = 1;     // declaration of n
int x = n + 1; // OK: lookup finds ::n
 
int z = y - 1; // Error: lookup fails
int y = 2;     // declaration of y

Namespace scope

For a name used in a user-declared namespace outside of any function or class, this namespace is searched before the use of the name, then the namespace enclosing this namespace before the declaration of this namespace, etc until the global namespace is reached.

int n = 1; // declaration
namespace N {
  int m = 2;
  namespace Y {
    int x = n; // OK, lookup finds ::n
    int y = m; // OK, lookup finds ::N::m
    int z = k; // Error: lookup fails
  }
  int k = 3;
}

Definition outside of its namespace

For a name used in the definition of a namespace-member variable outside the namespace, lookup proceeds the same way as for a name used inside the namespace:

namespace X {
    extern int x; // declaration, not definition
    int n = 1; // found 1st
};
int n = 2; // found 2nd.
int X::x = n; // finds X::n, sets X::x to 1

Non-member function definition

For a name used in the definition of a function, either in its body or as part of default argument, where the function is a member of user-declared or global namespace, the block in which the name is used is searched before the use of the name, then the enclosing block is searched before the start of that block, etc, until reaching the block that is the function body. Then the namespace in which the function is declared is searched until the definition (not necessarily the declaration) of the function that uses the name, then the enclosing namespaces, etc.

namespace A {
   namespace N {
       void f();
       int i=3; // found 3rd (if 2nd is not present)
    }
    int i=4; // found 4th (if 3rd is not present)
}
 
int i=5; // found 5th (if 4th is not present)
 
void A::N::f() {
    int i = 2; // found 2nd (if 1st is not present)
    while(true) {
       int i = 1; // found 1st: lookup is done
       std::cout << i;
    }
}
 
// int i; // not found
 
namespace A {
  namespace N {
    // int i; // not found
  }
}

Class definition

For a name used anywhere in class definition, except inside a member function body, a default argument of a member function, exception specification of a member function, default member initializer, contract condition (since C++20), or inside a nested class definition (including names of the bases from which the nested class is derived), the following scopes are searched:

namespace M {
    // const int i = 1; // never found
    class B {
        // const const int i = 3; // found 3nd (but later rejected by access check)
    };
}
// const int i = 5; // found 5th
namespace N {
    // const int i = 4; // found 4th
    class Y : public M::B {
        // static const int i = 2; // found 2nd
        class X {
            // static const int i = 1; // found 1st
            int a[i]; // use of i
            // static const int i = 1; // never found
        };
        // static const int i = 2; // never found
    };
    // const int i = 4; // never found
}
// const int i = 5; // never found

Injected class name

For the name of a class or class template used within the definition of that class or template or derived from one, unqualified name lookup finds the class that's being defined as if the name was introduced by a member declaration (with public member access). For more detail, see injected-class-name

Member function definition

For a name used inside a member function body, a default argument of a member function, an exception specification of a member function, a default member initializer, a contract condition of a member function (since C++20), or a nested class definition (including names of the bases from which the nested class is derived), the scopes searched are the same as in class definition, except that the entire scope of the class is considered, not just the part prior to the declaration that uses the name. For nested classes the entire body of the enclosing class is searched.

class B {
    // int i; // found 3rd
};
namespace M {
    // int i; // found 5th
    namespace N {
        // int i; // found 4th
        class X : public B {
            // int i; // found 2nd
            void f();
            // int i; // found 2nd as well
        };
        // int i; // found 4th
    }
}
// int i; // found 6th
void M::N::X::f()
{
    // int i; // found 1st
    i = 16;
    // int i; // never found
}
namespace M {
  namespace N {
    // int i; // never found
  }
}

Either way, when examining the bases from which the class is derived, the following rules, sometime referred to as dominance in virtual inheritance, are followed:

struct X { void f(); };
struct B1: virtual X { void f(); };
struct B2: virtual X {};
struct D : B1, B2 {
    void foo() {
        X::f(); // OK, calls X::f (qualified lookup)
        f(); // OK, calls B1::f (unqualified lookup)
// C++98 rules: B1::f hides X::f, so even though X::f can be reached from D
// through B2, it is not found by name lookup from D.
// C++11 rules: lookup set for f in D finds nothing, proceeds to bases
//  lookup set for f in B1 finds B1::f, and is completed
// merge replaces the empty set, now lookup set for f in C has B1::f in B1
//  lookup set for f in B2 finds nothing, proceeds to bases
//    lookup for f in X finds X::f
//  merge replaces the empty set, now lookup set for f in B2 has X::f in X
// merge into C finds that every subobject (X) in the lookup set in B2 is a base
// of every subobject (B1) already merged, so the B2 set is discareded
// C is left with just B1::f found in B1
// (if struct D : B2, B1 was used, then the last merge would *replace* C's 
//  so far merged X::f in X because every subobject already added to C (that is X)
//  would be a base of at least one subobject in the new set (B1), the end
//  result would be the same: lookup set in C holds just B1::f found in B1)
    }
};

Unqualified name lookup that finds static members of B, nested types of B, and enumerators declared in B is unambiguous even if there are multiple non-virtual base subobjects of type B in the inheritance tree of the class being examined:

struct V { int v; };
struct A {
        int a;
        static int s;
        enum { e };
};
struct B : A, virtual V { };
struct C : A, virtual V { };
struct D : B, C { };
 
void f(D& pd) {
        ++pd.v; // OK: only one v because only one virtual base subobject
        ++pd.s; // OK: only one static A::s, even though found in B and in C
        int i = pd.e; // OK: only one enumerator A::e, even though found in B and C
        ++pd.a; // error, ambiguous: A::a in B and A::a in C 
}

Friend function definition

For a name used in a friend function definition inside the body of the class that is granting friendship, unqualified name lookup proceeds the same way as for a member function. For a name used in a friend function which is defined outside the body of a class, unqualified name lookup proceeds the same way as for a function in a namespace.

int i = 3; // found 3rd for f1, found 2nd for f2
struct X {
    static const int i = 2; // found 2nd for f1, never found for f2
    friend void f1(int x)
    {
        // int i; // found 1st
        i = x; // finds and modifies X::i
    }
    friend int f2();
    // static const int i = 2; // found 2nd for f1 anywhere in class scope
};
void f2(int x) {
    // int i; // found 1st
    i = x; // finds and modifies ::i
}

Friend function declaration

For a name used in the declarator of a friend function declaration that friends a member function from another class, if the name isn't a part of any template argument, the unqualified lookup first examines the entire scope of the member function's class. If not found in that scope (or if the name is a part of a template argument), the lookup continues as if for a member function of the class that is granting friendship

// the class whose member functions are friended
struct A { 
    typedef int AT;
    void f1(AT);
    void f2(float);
    template <class T> void f3();
};
 
// the class that is granting friendship
struct B {
    typedef char AT;
    typedef float BT;
    friend void A::f1(AT); // lookup for AT finds A::AT
    friend void A::f2(BT); // lookup for BT finds B::BT 
    friend void A::f3<AT>(); // lookup for AT finds B::AT 
};

Default argument

For a name used in a default argument in a function declaration, or name used in the expression part of a member-initializer of a constructor, the function parameter names are found first, before the enclosing block, class, or namespace scopes are examined:

class X {
    int a, b, i, j;
public:
    const int& r;
    X(int i): r(a), // initializes X::r to refer to X::a
              b(i), // initializes X::b to the value of the parameter i
              i(i), // initializes X::i to the value of the parameter i
              j(this->i) // initializes X::j to the value of X::i
    { }
}
 
int a;
int f(int a, int b = a); // error: lookup for a finds the parameter a, not ::a
                         // and parameters are not allowed as default arguments

Static data member definition

For a name used in the definition of a static data member, lookup proceeds the same way as for a name used in the definition of a member function.

struct X {
    static int x;
    static const int n = 1; // found 1st
};
int n = 2; // found 2nd.
int X::x = n; // finds X::n, sets X::x to 1, not 2

Enumerator declaration

For a name used in the initializer part of the enumerator declaration, previously declared enumerators in the same enumeration are found first, before the unqualified name lookup proceeds to examine the enclosing block, class, or namespace scope.

const int RED = 7;
enum class color {
    RED,
    GREEN = RED+2, // RED finds color::RED, not ::RED, so GREEN = 2
    BLUE = ::RED+4 // qualified lookup finds ::RED, BLUE = 11
};

Catch clause of a function-try block

For a name used in the catch-clause of a function-try-block, lookup proceeds as if for a name used in the very beginning of the outermost block of the function body (in particular, function parameters are visible, but names declared in that outermost block are not)

int n = 3; // found 3rd
int f(int n = 2) // found 2nd
try {
   int n = -1;  // never found
} catch(...) {
   // int n = 1; // found 1st
   assert(n == 2); // loookup for n finds function parameter f
   throw;
}

Overloaded operator

For an operator used in expression (e.g., operator+ used in a+b), the lookup rules are slightly different from the operator used in an explicit function-call expression such as operator+(a,b): when parsing an expression, two separate lookups are performed: for the non-member operator overloads and for the member operator overloads (for the operators where both forms are permitted). Those sets are then merged with the built-in operator overloads on equal grounds as described in overload resolution. If explicit function call syntax is used, regular unqualified name lookup is performed:

struct A {};
void operator+(A, A); // user-defined non-member operator+
 
struct B {
    void operator+(B); // user-defined member operator+
    void f ();
};
 
A a;
 
void B::f() // definition of a member function of B
{
    operator+(a,a); // error: regular name lookup from a member function
                    // finds the declaration of operator+ in the scope of B
                    // and stops there, never reaching the global scope
    a + a; // OK: member lookup finds B::operator+, non-member lookup
           // finds ::operator+(A,A), overload resolution selects ::operator+(A,A)
}

Template definition

For a non-dependent name used in a template definition, unqualified name lookup takes place when the template definition is examined. The binding to the declarations made at that point is not affected by declarations visible at the point of instantiation. For a dependent name used in a template definition, the lookup is postponed until the template arguments are known, at which time ADL examines function declarations with external linkage (until C++11) that are visible from the template definition context as well as in the template instantiation context, while non-ADL lookup only examines function declarations with external linkage (until C++11) that are visible from the template definition context (in other words, adding a new function declaration after template definition does not make it visible except via ADL). The behavior is undefined if there is a better match with external linkage in the namespaces examined by the ADL lookup, declared in some other translation unit, or if the lookup would have been ambiguous if those translation units were examined. In any case, if a base class depends on a template parameter, its scope is not examined by unqualified name lookup (neither at the point of definition nor at the point of instantiation).

void f(char); // first declaration of f
 
template<class T> 
void g(T t) {
    f(1);    // non-dependent name: lookup finds ::f(char) and binds it now
    f(T(1)); // dependent name: lookup postponed
    f(t);    // dependent name: lookup postponed
//  dd++;    // non-dependent name: lookup finds no declaration
}
 
enum E { e };
void f(E);   // second declaration of f
void f(int); // third declaration of f
double dd;
 
void h() {
    g(e);  // instantiates g<E>, at which point
           // the second and the third uses of the name 'f'
           // are looked up and find ::f(char) (by lookup) and ::f(E) (by ADL)
           // then overload resolution chooses ::f(E).
           // This calls f(char), then f(E) twice
    g(32); // instantiates g<int>, at which point
           // the second and the third uses of the name 'f'
           // are looked up and find ::f(char) only
           // then overload resolution chooses ::f(char)
           // This calls f(char) three times
}
 
typedef double A;
template<class T> class B {
   typedef int A;
};
template<class T> struct X : B<T> {
   A a; // lookup for A finds ::A (double), not B<T>::A
};

Note: see dependent name lookup rules for the reasoning and implications of this rule.

Template name

Member of a class template outside of template

References

See also

• Qualified name lookup
• Scope
• Argument-dependent lookup
• Template argument deduction
• Overload resolution