Map
对象保存键值对。任何值(对象或者原始值) 都可以作为一个键或一个值。
语法
new Map([iterable])
参数
-
iterable
-
Iterable 可以是一个
数组
或者其他 iterable 对象,其元素为键值对(两个元素的数组,例如: [[ 1, 'one' ],[ 2, 'two' ]])。 每个键值对都会添加到新的 Map。null
会被当做undefined。
描述
一个Map对象在迭代时会根据对象中元素的插入顺序来进行 — 一个 for...of
循环在每次迭代后会返回一个形式为[key,value]的数组。
键的相等(Key equality)
键的比较是基于 "SameValueZero" 算法:NaN
是与 NaN
相等的(虽然 NaN !== NaN
),剩下所有其它的值是根据 ===
运算符的结果判断是否相等。在目前的ECMAScript规范中,-0
和+0
被认为是相等的,尽管这在早期的草案中并不是这样。有关详细信息,请参阅浏览器兼容性 表中的“Value equality for -0 and 0”。
Objects 和 maps 的比较
Objects
和 Maps
类似的是,它们都允许你按键存取一个值、删除键、检测一个键是否绑定了值。因此(并且也没有其他内建的替代方式了)过去我们一直都把对象当成 Maps
使用。不过 Maps
和 Objects
有一些重要的区别,在下列情况里使用 Map
会是更好的选择:
- 一个
Object
的键只能是Symbols
,但一个Map
的键可以是任意值,包括函数、对象、基本类型。 - Map 中的键值是有序的,而添加到对象中的键则不是。因此,当对它进行遍历时,Map 对象是按插入的顺序返回键值。
- 你可以通过
size
属性直接获取一个Map
的键值对个数,而Object
的键值对个数只能手动计算。 Map
可直接进行迭代,而Object
的迭代需要先获取它的键数组,然后再进行迭代。Object
都有自己的原型,原型链上的键名有可能和你自己在对象上的设置的键名产生冲突。虽然 ES5 开始可以用map = Object.create(null)
来创建一个没有原型的对象,但是这种用法不太常见。Map
在涉及频繁增删键值对的场景下会有些性能优势。
属性
-
Map.length
- 属性 length 的值为 0 。
-
get Map[@@species]
- 本构造函数用于创建派生对象。
-
Map.prototype
-
表示
Map
构造器的原型。 允许添加属性从而应用于所有的Map
对象。
Map
实例
所有的 Map
对象实例都会继承 Map.prototype
。
属性
-
Map.prototype.constructor
-
返回一个函数,它创建了实例的原型。默认是
Map
函数。 -
Map.prototype.size
- 返回Map对象的键/值对的数量。
方法
-
Map.prototype.clear()
- 移除Map对象的所有键/值对 。
-
Map.prototype.delete(key)
-
如果
Map
对象中存在该元素,则移除它并返回true
;否则如果该元素不存在则返回false
-
Map.prototype.entries()
-
返回一个新的
Iterator
对象,它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的[key, value]
数组
。 -
Map.prototype.forEach(callbackFn[, thisArg])
-
按插入顺序,为
Map
对象里的每一键值对调用一次callbackFn函数。如果为forEach提供了thisArg,它将在每次回调中作为this值。 -
Map.prototype.get(key)
- 返回键对应的值,如果不存在,则返回undefined。
-
Map.prototype.has(key)
- 返回一个布尔值,表示Map实例是否包含键对应的值。
-
Map.prototype.keys()
-
返回一个新的
Iterator
对象, 它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的 键 。 -
Map.prototype.set(key, value)
- 设置Map对象中键的值。返回该Map对象。
-
Map.prototype.values()
-
返回一个新的
Iterator
对象,它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的 值 。 -
Map.prototype[@@iterator]()
-
返回一个新的
Iterator
对象,它按插入顺序包含了Map对象中每个元素的[key, value]
数组
。
示例
使用 Map
对象
var myMap = new Map(); var keyObj = {}, keyFunc = function () {}, keyString = "a string"; // 添加键 myMap.set(keyString, "和键'a string'关联的值"); myMap.set(keyObj, "和键keyObj关联的值"); myMap.set(keyFunc, "和键keyFunc关联的值"); myMap.size; // 3 // 读取值 myMap.get(keyString); // "和键'a string'关联的值" myMap.get(keyObj); // "和键keyObj关联的值" myMap.get(keyFunc); // "和键keyFunc关联的值" myMap.get("a string"); // "和键'a string'关联的值" // 因为keyString === 'a string' myMap.get({}); // undefined, 因为keyObj !== {} myMap.get(function() {}) // undefined, 因为keyFunc !== function () {}
将 NaN
作为 Map
的键
NaN
也可以作为Map
对象的键。虽然 NaN
和任何值甚至和自己都不相等(NaN !== NaN
返回true),但下面的例子表明,NaN
作为Map的键来说是没有区别的:
var myMap = new Map(); myMap.set(NaN, "not a number"); myMap.get(NaN); // "not a number" var otherNaN = Number("foo"); myMap.get(otherNaN); // "not a number"
使用 for..of
方法迭代 Map
Map
可以使用for..of
循环来实现迭代:
var myMap = new Map(); myMap.set(0, "zero"); myMap.set(1, "one"); for (var [key, value] of myMap) { console.log(key + " = " + value); } // 将会显示两个log。一个是"0 = zero"另一个是"1 = one" for (var key of myMap.keys()) { console.log(key); } // 将会显示两个log。 一个是 "0" 另一个是 "1" for (var value of myMap.values()) { console.log(value); } // 将会显示两个log。 一个是 "zero" 另一个是 "one" for (var [key, value] of myMap.entries()) { console.log(key + " = " + value); } // 将会显示两个log。 一个是 "0 = zero" 另一个是 "1 = one"
使用 forEach()
方法迭代 Map
Map
也可以通过forEach()
方法迭代:
myMap.forEach(function(value, key) { console.log(key + " = " + value); }) // 将会显示两个logs。 一个是 "0 = zero" 另一个是 "1 = one"
Map
与数组的关系
var kvArray = [["key1", "value1"], ["key2", "value2"]];
// 使用常规的Map构造函数可以将一个二维键值对数组转换成一个Map对象
var myMap = new Map(kvArray);
myMap.get("key1"); // 返回值为 "value1"
// 使用Array.from函数可以将一个Map对象转换成一个二维键值对数组
console.log(Array.from(myMap)); // 输出和kvArray相同的数组
// 或者在键或者值的迭代器上使用Array.from,进而得到只含有键或者值的数组
console.log(Array.from(myMap.keys())); // 输出 ["key1", "key2"]
复制或合并 Maps
Map 能像数组一样被复制:
var original = new Map([ [1, 'one'] ]); var clone = new Map(original); console.log(clone.get(1)); // one console.log(original === clone); // false. Useful for shallow comparison
请记住,数据本身未被克隆。
Map对象间可以进行合并,但是会保持键的唯一性。
var first = new Map([ [1, 'one'], [2, 'two'], [3, 'three'], ]); var second = new Map([ [1, 'uno'], [2, 'dos'] ]); // 合并两个Map对象时,如果有重复的键值,则后面的会覆盖前面的。 // 展开运算符本质上是将Map对象转换成数组。 var merged = new Map([...first, ...second]); console.log(merged.get(1)); // uno console.log(merged.get(2)); // dos console.log(merged.get(3)); // three
Map对象也能与数组合并:
var first = new Map([ [1, 'one'], [2, 'two'], [3, 'three'], ]); var second = new Map([ [1, 'uno'], [2, 'dos'] ]); // Map对象同数组进行合并时,如果有重复的键值,则后面的会覆盖前面的。 var merged = new Map([...first, ...second, [1, 'eins']]); console.log(merged.get(1)); // eins console.log(merged.get(2)); // dos console.log(merged.get(3)); // three
规范
Specification | Status | Comment |
---|---|---|
ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262) Map |
Standard | Initial definition. |
ECMAScript Latest Draft (ECMA-262) Map |
Draft |
浏览器兼容
The compatibility table on this page is generated from structured data. If you'd like to contribute to the data, please check out https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data and send us a pull request.
Desktop | Mobile | Server | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Map |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12
|
clear |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 19 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 19 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
delete |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12
|
entries |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 20 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 20 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
forEach |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 25 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 25 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
get |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
has |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
Key equality for -0 and 0 | Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 29 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 9 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 29 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 9 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 4.0.0 |
keys |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 20 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 20 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
new Map(iterable) |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 9 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 9 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
new Map(null) |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 37 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 9 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 37 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 9 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12
|
Map() without new throws |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 42 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 9 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 42 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 9 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
prototype |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
set |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 13 | IE Partial support 11
|
Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 14 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support Yes |
size |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 19
|
IE Full support 11 | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 19
|
Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
values |
Chrome Full support 38 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 20 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 25 | Safari Full support 8 | WebView Android Full support 38 | Chrome Android Full support 38 | Firefox Android Full support 20 | Opera Android Full support 25 | Safari iOS Full support 8 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 3.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
@@iterator |
Chrome Full support 43 | Edge Full support 12 | Firefox Full support 36
|
IE No support No | Opera Full support 30 | Safari Full support Yes | WebView Android Full support 43 | Chrome Android Full support 43 | Firefox Android Full support 36
|
Opera Android Full support 30 | Safari iOS Full support Yes | Samsung Internet Android Full support 4.0 | nodejs Full support 0.12 |
@@species |
Chrome Full support 51 | Edge Full support 13 | Firefox Full support 41 | IE No support No | Opera Full support 38 | Safari Full support 10 | WebView Android Full support 51 | Chrome Android Full support 51 | Firefox Android Full support 41 | Opera Android Full support 41 | Safari iOS Full support 10 | Samsung Internet Android Full support 5.0 | nodejs Full support 6.5.0
|
@@toStringTag |
Chrome Full support 44 | Edge No support No | Firefox Full support 51 | IE No support No | Opera No support No | Safari No support No | WebView Android Full support 44 | Chrome Android Full support 44 | Firefox Android Full support 51 | Opera Android No support No | Safari iOS No support No | Samsung Internet Android Full support 4.0 | nodejs No support No |
Legend
- Full support
- Full support
- Partial support
- Partial support
- No support
- No support
- See implementation notes.
- See implementation notes.
- User must explicitly enable this feature.
- User must explicitly enable this feature.
- Uses a non-standard name.
- Uses a non-standard name.